The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic

The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic This  timeline uses the Gracchi brothers attempt at reform as the starting point and ends when the Republic has given way to the Empire as evidenced by the rise of the first Roman emperor. The Gracchi brothers were  Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. The two  of them were politicians who represented the commoners in the Roman government. The brothers were progressive activists interested in land reforms to benefit the poor. In the 2nd century B.C,  the two  of them  tried to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.  Events surrounding the politics of the Gracchi led to the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Republic. Overlaps in Roman History Since beginnings and ends overlap, the final entries of this timeline could also be looked at as the beginning of the succeeding era of Roman history, the Imperial period. The beginning of the final period of Republican Rome likewise overlaps the middle of the Roman Republican period. The  End of the Roman Republic   133 B.C. Tiberius Gracchus tribune 123 - 122 B.C. Gaius Gracchus tribune 111 - 105 B.C. Jugurthine War 104 - 100 B.C. Marius consul. 90 - 88 B.C. Social War 88 B.C. Sulla and the First Mithridatic War 88 B.C. Sullas march on Rome with his army. 82 B.C. Sulla becomes dictator 71 B.C. Crassus crushes Spartacus 71 B.C. Pompey defeats Sertorius' rebellion in Spain 70 B.C. Consulship of Crassus and Pompey 63 B.C. Pompey defeats Mithridates 60 B.C. First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar 58 - 50 B.C. Caesar conquers Gaul 53 B.C. Crassus killed in (battle) of Carrhae 49 B.C. Caesar crosses the Rubicon 48 B.C. Pharsalus (battle); Pompey killed in Egypt 46 - 44 B.C. Caesars dictatorship 44 B.C. End of Civil War 43 B.C. Second Triumvirate: Marc Antony, Lepidus, Octavian 42 B.C. Philippi (battle) 36 B.C. Naulochus (battle) 31 B.C. Actium (battle) 27 B.C. Octavian emperor

Definitions and Examples of Isoglosses in Linguistics

Definitions and Examples of Isoglosses in Linguistics An isogloss is a geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. Adjective: isoglossal or isoglossic. Also known as  heterogloss.  From the Greek, similar or equal tongue. Pronounced  I-se-glos. This linguistic feature may be phonological (e.g., the pronunciation of a vowel), lexical (the use of a word), or some other aspect of language.   Major divisions between dialects are marked by bundles of isoglosses. Examples and Observations [S]peakers in southern Pennsylvania say bucket, and those in the north part of the state say pail. [The line of demarcation between the two] is called an isogloss. Dialect areas are determined by large bundles of such isoglosses.Several noteworthy projects have been devoted to mapping the features and distribution of dialects across the United States, including Frederic Cassidys Dictionary of American Regional English [DARE] (begun in the 1960s and [completed in 2013]), and William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Bobergs The Atlas of North American English (ANAE), published in 2005.Regional DialectsEnglish is made up of a number of regional dialects... Linguists can identify the main characteristics of different regions, and the isoglosses establish boundaries which group together non-standard dialect forms with similar distinctive linguistic features. Inevitably, there are some overlapsalthough non-standard lexis tends to be located in specific regions, non-standard grammatical featu res are similar across boundaries. Drawing an Optimal Isogloss:  The task of drawing an optimal isogloss has five stages:Selecting a linguistic feature that will be used to classify and define a regional dialect.Specifying a binary division of that feature or a combination of binary features.Drawing an isogloss for that division of the feature, using the procedures described below.Measuring the consistency and homogeneity of the isogloss by the measures to be described below.Recycling through steps 1-4 to find the definition of the feature that maximizes consistency or homogeneity.Focal Areas and Relic AreasIsoglosses can also show that a particular set of linguistic features appears to be spreading from one location, a focal area, into neighboring locations. In the 1930s and 1940s Boston and Charleston were the two focal areas for the temporary spread of r-lessness in the eastern United States. Alternatively, a particular area, a relic area, may show characteristics of being unaffected by changes spreading out from one or more neighboring areas. Places like London and Boston are obviously focal areas; places like Marthas Vineyardit remained r-pronouncing in the 1930s and 1940s even as Boston dropped the pronunciationin New England and Devon in the extreme southwest of England are relic areas. Kinds of Linguistic FeaturesFurther distinctions can be made in terms of the kind of linguistic feature being isolated: an isophone is a line drawn to mark the limits of a phonological feature; an isomorph marks the limits of a morphological feature; an isolex marks the limits of a lexical item; an isoseme marks the limits of a semantic feature (as when lexical items of the same phonological form take on different meanings in different areas).The Canadian Shift IsoglossA given region may have optimal conditions for a given sound change, which may affect almost all speakers. This is the case with the Canadian Shift, involving a retraction of /e/ and /ae/ . . .; it is especially favored in Canada because the low back merger that triggers the shift takes place well to the back of the vowel space for almost everyone. Homogeneity for the Canadian Shift isogloss, which stops at the Canadian border, is .84 (21 of the 25 speakers within the isogloss). But the same process takes place occasio nally throughout other areas of low back merger in the U.S., so that consistency for the Canadian isogloss is only .34. Outside of Canada, the instances of this phenomenon are scattered throughout a much larger population, and leakage is only .10. Homogeneity is the crucial measure for the dynamics of the Canadian vowel system. Sources Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck,  Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010Sara Thorne,  Mastering Advanced English Language, 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg,  The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter, 2005Ronald Wardhaugh,  An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010David Crystal,  A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg,  The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter, 2005

International Relations Theories in the British Prime Minister David Essay

International Relations Theories in the British Prime Minister David Cameron's Speech to the Canadian Parliament - Essay Example Cameron emphasized the British and Canadian relationship in many parts of his address. He reminded the Canadians about their affinity to the monarchy - to the Queen and to the royal family. The Canadians are still ceremonially led by the British monarch and the citizens are favorable to such system, having high regard for the members of the Royal family. He highlighted the close relationship of the two countries, serving as a platform to introduce the successes that they achieved when they worked together in the past. Canada has always supported Britain in its military efforts and Cameron was quick to capitalize on the successes of this partnership. He referred to the two World Wars and appealed to the emotion of his audience by declaring the indebtedness of his country to the courage and commitment of Canada: In our darkest hour in World War II, Canadian naval forces helped keep the sea lanes open during the battle of the Atlantic running convoys across the Atlantic week after week, braving mines, submarines and blacked out silent ships. All of which proved absolutely fundamental to our ability to survive as an independent country.   The above variables became significant as Cameron outlined the modern global problems - security and economy. The trends in the global landscape, particularly those as explained by the globalization principle, made it possible for the economic upheavals to be felt all over the world. This is especially true in the case of negative consequences. In addition, to this there is also the fact that as states are incorporated into the modern global system, their coercive capabilities were undermined, in effect, â€Å"weakening [their] legitimacy and subverted [their] capacity to manage the inevitable engagement with the global economy† (Burnell and Randall 25). There is an attempt, as demonstrated, by Cameron’s speech to go back on past alliances to cultivate new and stronger partnerships so that Britain and Canada could effectively navigate the international economic system brought about by the globalizing forces. This in consonance with the liberal theory, wherein states are partners in the development process. It is important to remember that a crucial characteristic of dependency theory and liberal theory is that both are products of history and stages by which international order emerged. By drawing on the two country's unique and close relationship and by highlighting the shared history, Cameron employed the strengths of the dependency theory and built a case for partnership, congruent to the liberal ethos, in order to advance economic cooperative measures. For instance, as previously mentioned Cameron has cited the numerous instances wherein Canada supported Britain. He did not fail to imply, however, that Canada could benefit from such support. He cited the case of Britain’s support for the Canadian resolution at a G8 summit, the Muskoka Initiative. He also hinted at the crucial role of Britain in the capability of Canada to strengthen its defenses. The theme of Cameron’s speech marginalized other theories such feminism and global ecopolitical theories. They were not significant in the themes that he chose to elaborate on. With regards to dependency theory, there was no

Argumentative Thesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Argumentative Thesis - Essay Example Since skin grafts are also treated as external bodies, it appropriately also gives an insight into how the patient’s body may treat an allograft and an autograft and why the treatment is different. In ACL surgeries allografts are considered as foreign tissues while autograft are not hence the former needs a greater length of time to be incorporated when compared to the latter which makes autografts the better choice owing to early and safe incorporation thus this served as a strong support point for my thesis statement. This article discusses the problems that a sportsperson faces after an ACL injury and surgery. It mostly looks into the trauma faced by sports people who have been victim to some sort of field injury. The article correctly identifies the reasons behind the need of quick recovery for such people. The content helped me conclude that the surgery opted for must be such that the recovery time is minimal but it should also help the person return to the game. The goal of my thesis was to prove why autografts are a better option. Most ACL problems are linked to physically active people, so it becomes really necessary that the tissue chosen for surgery (autograft/allograft) has to help the patient return back to their normal lives as soon as possible since most sportspeople depend on the sports for their livelihood. From this source I learnt how ACL tearing occurs and how it affects the patient. For my thesis understanding the reason behind an ACL injury and the aftereffect was beneficial and crucial because then it becomes easier to understand the expectations from an ACL reconstruction and select the appropriate graft tissue. This article talks about the kinds of tissue grafts, organ grafts and immunity of the body in detail. It states the difference between cadaveric grafts and own tissue grafts and the various pros and cons involved. The article also discusses the effect of graft surgeries on the human

BUSINESS LAW(All contractual terms are either categorised as Essay

BUSINESS LAW(All contractual terms are either categorised as conditions or warranties. How true is this statement Discuss, with reference to case law. ) - Essay Example There ought to be a consideration that will pass hands once the promises of the contract have been fulfilled. Finally, the agreement should be not violate the laws of the land. For example, it would be illegal to enter into an agreement of drug trafficking. Once these conditions have been fulfilled, the agreement becomes a contract that can be enforced by the court of law.2 As such, all contractual terms are either categorized as conditions or warranties Terms of contracts are promises or statements made by one person to another in order to encourage him to enter into a contract.3They comprise of duties and responsibilities of the parties to a contract. The terms may be express or implied. The parties themselves put down express terms, either in writing or verbally. In a written contract, any statement is an explicit term of the contract. An example is in Duffy & Ors v. Newcastle United Football Co. Ltd. (2000). The law from the actions or intentions of the parties infers implied terms of a contract. Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1939] is a good example of a situation where terms of the contract were implied. In the case, the claimant was hired as a managing director for a term of ten years. Later the defendant altered the articles of association giving the company the power to remove directors. The firm fired the claimant before the end of his ten years contract. The court held that when signing the employment contract there was an assumption that the company would not remove the managing director from his position during the term of the contract. Another assumption was that the enterprise would not alter the articles of association to give it the right to fire the managing director. A condition is a term of a contract that goes to the root of the contract. Failure to honour a conditional term renders an agreement very different from the original one. Hence, conditions are the essential terms of a contract.4 Due to their

Holy The Firm by Annie Dillard Essay Example for Free

Holy The Firm by Annie Dillard Essay ​â€Å"Death of a Moth† is a short essay from the author, Annie Dillard, called Holy the Firm, and also one of her most personal essay that she’s ever written. It is about the burning moths, her belief in God, and acceptance of her faith to being a writer. She uses the death of the moths to tell us nature’s cycle of life. Everything is the same, human and animal, life and death. In the end, they will all end up like the moth being burned up by candle light. ​In the essay of Annie Dillard, Death of a Moth, she writes about a woman who lives alone on Northern Puget South in Washington State, with one enormous window, one cat, and one spider(2). She has a flashback about two summers ago when she tried to run away from society to read and write her book, To Mountain. She tries to find herself to becoming a writer. She wants to leave the world behind and enjoy herself alongside animal and nature. She sees a moth landing on her candle light and gets burnt. She, then, describes the moth in such realistic ways which remind the readers about nature’s cycle of life. As she looks at the moth, she falls asleep. ​In the essay, the author has mentioned in her class about â€Å"you must go at your life with a broadax† (10). In theory, a broadax is a weapon or a tool used to chop down trees. At this point, Annie wants to explain to her class if you want to be something or get something in your life, you have to be willing to overcome anything to be able to get what you want. Your life is like a battle. When in battle, you need to equip yourself with a broadax, and be prepared to fight and struggle. In addition, it also shows you are willing to hack down at anything standing in your way. In practice, students also face the same situation. They try their best to overcome obstacles teachers give them to be able to pass their classes. ​In â€Å"Death of a Moth† essay, Annie Dillard tells us about nature’s cycle of life. Everything will have the same ending, being born, living for a certain period of time, and then dying. The same as the moths or ephemera stabs by fire. George has mentioned about significance of butterfly to her moths essay by posting his post on bookcritics.org(5). I would say that butterfly is the most beautiful insect I have even known. To be obtaining this beauty, it also has suffered so many miseries. It has to endured ninety months to a year in a cocoon, then it breaks pupa without any help, and transforms to a beautiful butterfly. The pity is it only lives for 3 days or a month, depending on what type it is. From the butterfly example, effort is what we can’t lack in our life. If we live without any obstacles, we will never learn or become stronger like a butterfly’s ability to break cocoon and fly up high. ​It can be seen that Annie Dillard is focusing more about the nature’s cycle life and also, expressing her effort to being a writer. She uses the moths as an example to describe her idea about nature to the readers, which is accept faith and move on with your life. In my own opinion, I would recommend or love to hear the significance of butterfly in her moth essay than reading about the moth being burned by the candle light. It was not a waste of time to write an essay about a moth, but replacing the moth to a more gracious creature like a butterfl y would better capture the audience.

The Standardized Testing Nightmare Essay -- High-Stakes Standardized Te

As children grow up some of their frightful memories include a visit to the dentist or to the first day in elementary school. Perhaps their greatest nightmare is standardized testing. Since starting school as first graders students are taught to test in the United States. In many cases students are placed in remedial classes or even held back because of their low grades. Many do not realize that the students with low grades are mainly students who are not good test takers, and educators start to believe that these students are low achievers. When educators do this, it leads the students to have lower self-esteem and encourages them to drop out of school later on. Students are also forced to memorize information merely as facts without sparking their creativity or enhancing their knowledge. Prior to the educational reform movement of the 1970s and 1980s, standardized tests were primarily employed as measures of student achievement that could be reported to parents, and as a means of noting state and district trends. (Moon and Brighton) Educators paid little attention to these tests, which had little impact on curriculum. In the continuing quest for better schools and high achieving students, testing has become a central focus of policy and practice. Standardized test are tests that attempt to present unbiased material under the same conditions and with consistent scoring and interpretation so that students have equal opportunities to give correct answers and receive an accurate assessment. The idea behind standardized testing is that these similarities allow the highest degree of certainty in comparing results across schools, schools districts, or even the state. As the high-stakes testing becomes more popular, stan... ...ndustrial nations in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. He reported that tests measure exposure to facts and skills not whether o (Osburn, Ritter and Suitt)r not kids can think. (Osburn, Ritter and Suitt)â€Æ' Works Cited Bachelor, Denessa. "Are These Tests Failing?" April 2006. Hearts & Minds. 2013 . Longo, Christopher. "Fostering Creativity or Teaching to the Test?" The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Stategies, Issues and Ideas (2010): 54-57. Moon, Tonya R and Catherine M Brighton. The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented. Storrs: Center, 1991. Osburn, Monica Z., et al. "Parents' Perceptions of Standardized Testing: Its Relationship and Effect on Student Achievement." 2004. University of Arkansas. 2013 .